摘要
本論文在重新探討鄱陽湖形成與演變的基礎上，對唐宋時期江西地區的水路交通進行考察。唐宋時期江西地區的水路交通主要受到內外兩個因素的影響，內部因素是鄱陽湖的形成與擴張，改變了鄡陽平原的水文環境，新形成的湖泊與入湖三角洲水系，成為水路交通發展的地理基礎。外部因素則是全國交通區位的轉變，政治中心逐漸東南移，由長安、開封，最終移至臨安，江西的交通優勢漸增。唐中後期，洪饒間的河湖水文已初步構成水路網，其中，擔石湖─贛江主泓道與信江鄔子港汊道─擔石湖─贛江趙圍汊道成為兩條南北水路交通線的組成部分。北宋時，鄱陽湖─贛江吳城山汊道取而代之，但湖水消退後，贛江主泓道仍肩負主要航運功能。南宋遷都臨安，信江鄔子港汊道─鄱陽湖─贛江趙圍汊道重要性大增，為東西水路交通的主要路線之一。最終形成以南康軍、隆興府與餘干縣為頂點的三角形水路交通網，北通長江，西南走贛江，東南接信江，串連全國水陸路交通。鄱陽湖隨季節消長的特性很大程度影響該地水域的航行，春末秋初湖水泛漲時，波濤洶湧的湖水甚至會危及航行安全，船隻則會避開湍急的河道；秋末春初湖水消退時，分流汊道水位大幅降低，甚至不通船舶。而贛江上游和中下游的航行條件則有所不同。
On the basis of re-exploring the formation and evolution of Poyang Lake, the present article investigates waterway transportation in Jiangxi during the Tang and Song dynasties, which was mainly affected by two factors, both internal and external: the former was the formation and expansion of Poyang Lake, which changed the hydrological environment of the Qiaoyang Plain, with the newly formed lake and its river delta system becoming the geographical basis for the development of waterway transportation; the latter was the change in the location of state-level transportation, namely that the political center gradually moved southeast from Chang’an to Kaifeng and finally to Lin’an, gradually increasing the advantages of Jiangxi’s transportation. In the middle and late Tang, the hydrology of the rivers and lakes between Hongzhou and Raozhou had initially formed a waterway network. Among them, the route of Danshi Lake to the main stream of the Gan River and the route of the Wuzigang River (distributary of the Xin River) to Danshi Lake and to the Zhaowei River (distributary of the Gan River) became two north–south transportation waterways. Moving to the Northern Song, the route of Poyang Lake to the Wuchengshan River (distributary of the Gan River) replaced them; however, after waters subsided, the main stream of the Gan River still served as the main waterway for shipping. In the Southern Song, the capital was moved to Lin’an, and the Wuzigang–Poyang–Zhaowei route increased in importance, becoming one of the main routes of east–west waterway transportation. Ultimately, a triangular waterway transportation network of Nankang Military Prefecture, Longxing Prefecture, and Yugan County as the vertices was formed, which connected state-level water and land transportation, with the Yangtze River in the north, the Gan River in the southwest, and the Xin River in the southeast. The ebb and flow with the seasons of Poyang Lake greatly affected the navigation of the waters in the area. When the lake water rose in late spring and early autumn, the turbulent waters could endanger safety, forcing boats to avoid the waterways. As the lake water receded in late autumn and early spring, reduced water levels in the tributaries meant boats could not pass. With that said, conditions in the upper and middle-lower reaches of the Gan River differed.
關鍵詞
唐宋時期 江西 水路交通 鄱陽湖 贛江
Tang and Song dynasties; Jiangxi; waterway transportation; Poyang Lake; Gan River