摘要
過往學界對宋代醫書刊印的研究集中在朝廷上，對於非朝廷的地方醫書刊刻，包括地方政府、私人、和書坊的醫書出版，多舉例性地羅列出版者和出版資訊。本文全面搜羅地方醫書雕板的史料，分析士大夫（指有功名和曾仕宦者）對醫書刊印的參與，並將學界較少探討的「刊印協助者」此一角色納入觀察。
自十一世紀開始，許多士大夫以出版者和刊印協助者的身分投入地方醫書的雕板。不同於朝廷所刻的醫書以宋代朝廷編纂者和宋以前的醫書為主，士大夫出版者較少重刻校正醫書局曾校勘的監本醫書，反而對宋代私人編纂醫書之刊印更具興趣。影響士大夫刻書選擇的重要因素為地緣和人際關係。地緣關係包括：雕板紀念前任知州所編纂的醫書、刊刻該州知名士大夫的醫書。人際關係如付梓同僚家屬、親戚、或醫學老師所撰的醫書。除了出版醫籍，士大夫另會透過交遊網絡推動醫書付梓，並應作者或出版者所求，提供書籍、金錢、讚美文章等物資協助醫書付梓。作者或出版者所求助的士大夫涵括：長期接受作者或出版者醫療資源的官員、不熟識的鄉里名人、筵席上和拜謁認識者。求文者所看重的常是對方身為士大夫的聲名，而非其醫術。士大夫在醫書刊印活動中的活躍，有助解釋醫術普遍不高的宋代士大夫們，對醫書的評價為何仍受到醫者和醫書作者的重視。本文希望從出版文化的角度，拓展學界對尚醫士人的認識，並刺激學界反思校正醫書局對宋代醫療發展的影響。
Existing studies of medical publications in Song dynasty China have thoroughly investigated medical literature printed by the court. In comparison, few scholars have examined activities through which medical texts were printed outside the court by local government officials, degree holders, physicians, private publishers, and commercial publishers. The activities in which these figures participated included deciding what to print, finding people to assist with printing projects, and collaborating in the process. Properly framing such activities is instrumental to achieving a richer and more comprehensive understanding of the process through which medical literature was printed in Song China.
To enhance our understanding of the abovementioned activities, this article examines how scholar-officials outside the court participated in the printing of medical texts during the Song. With the phrase “scholar-officials,” I refer to educated men who either held degrees after passing civil service examinations or served as officials. When discussing scholar-officials’ roles in printing medical texts, existing studies have focused primarily if not exclusively on their capacity to serve as publishers. This article takes this idea a step further not only by examining scholar-officials as publishers but also by exploring their contributions as “helpers.” With the phrase “helpers,” I refer to people who facilitated the process through which writings were printed by offering networking and material resources to aid in the printing of a given medical text.
This study will show that beginning in the late eleventh century, many Song scholar-officials became involved in the printing of medical texts outside the court as both publishers and helpers. Those scholar-officials were more interested in printing medical texts that had been completed by private individuals rather than re-printing treatises that had been edited by the Bureau of Editing Medical Texts (Jiaozheng yishu ju). Geo-relationships and interpersonal relationships often affected scholar-officials’ decisions regarding which texts to print. A geo-relationship might, for example, involve a magistrate’s decision to print a medical text that previous Song magistrates serving in the same administrative region had compiled as a means of commemorating his predecessors’ policies. Such a magistrate might decide to print a medical text written by a famous scholar-official whose place of origin fell under the magistrate’s rule. Interpersonal relationships also came into play, as some scholar-officials became involved in printing medical texts completed by their, or their colleagues’, families, relatives, or medical tutors. In contrast, the Song court preferred printing medical treatises and texts that had been completed before the Song.
When serving as helpers, scholar-officials mobilized their social networks to facilitate the printing of medical texts, offering texts to be printed, funding the printing process, and endorsing printing projects in response to printers’ requests. Scholar-officials who responded to such requests included officials who had received publishers’ medical services over a long period of time, celebrities in publishers’ hometowns, and others whom publishers knew through common acquaintances or social events. When publishers requested that scholar-officials write promotional pieces endorsing their projects, they generally most valued the social and cultural reputations of those scholar-officials rather than their healing knowledge.
The high visibility of scholar-officials as publishers and helpers in the printing of medical texts outside the Song court helps to explain why medical authors and physicians still valued scholar-officials’ appraisal of medical texts during in the Song era, a period when writing and publishing medical texts were activities open to anyone. The findings I will report in this article will challenge our current understanding of the influence of the Bureau of Editing Medical Texts on the development of medicine in the Song and expand our understanding of scholar-officials’ impact on medicine through publishing culture.
關鍵詞
出版文化 士人文化 醫學 印刷術 知識網絡
publishing culture, literati culture, medicine, printing technology, knowledge distribution