摘要
西漢中期是王國職官設置由仿照朝廷到仿照漢郡的過渡階段。景帝、武帝時期不斷減省王國官吏、降低王國官秩級，但西漢中期王國仍有傅、相、內史、中尉四個二千石職官，他們也大體延續漢初以來的職權。這四者中，內史既是王廷職官，又因「掌治京師」而被視為與郡相當的地方行政組織。景帝以後，廷尉、少府等王國列卿被裁撤，其分掌的行政職權大多由內史接管；由於諸侯王失去治國權，且王國大抵只有一郡之地，相、中尉等王廷職官亦逐漸被內史架空。中尉在綏和元年前被裁撤，職權併入內史。綏和改制時省內史，令相掌太守職權，其實是讓相接管已經郡守化的內史職權。西漢中期王國從相與內史共同理政，到內史逐漸獨攬王國政務，是朝廷對王國掌控更趨深入的體現，也是郡作為掌控地方的一級政區已深入人心的體現。
The mid-Western Han dynasty marked a transitional stage in the establishment of kingdom official positions, shifting from imitating the imperial court to emulating the Han commandery system. During the reigns of Emperor Jing (r. 157–141 BCE) and Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BCE), the number of kingdom officials was continuously reduced, with their ranks likewise being lowered. However, in the mid-Western Han, there were still four high-ranking official positions which received a full 2,000 dan 石 of grain: fu 傅 (tutor), xiang 相 (chancellor), neishi 內史 (clerk of the capital), and zhongwei 中尉 (commandant of the capital), all of which retained their authority from the early Han. Of these four, neishi was regarded as operating on both the central court and local administrative, namely commandery, levels due to their position of being “in charge of the capital.” From Emperor Jing onwards, with the abolition of several kingdom official positions, related administrative powers were gradually assumed by neishi; moreover, due to the princes losing their power to govern their kingdoms in large part because of the Rebellion of the Seven States as well as a kingdom largely only comprising a commandery in terms of land, the administrative authority of xiang and zhongwei was likewise taken over by neishi, with the latter being dissolved before 8 BCE during the reign of Emperor Cheng (r. 33–7 BCE). Restructuring which occurred during the late reign of Emperor Cheng resulted in the dismissal of neishi and xiang assumed the powers of the commandery-level taishou 太守 (grand administrator), but in reality, xiang acquired the authority of neishi. The transition of the kingdom as an administrative unit from being co-governed by xiang and neishi to being gradually monopolized by the latter was a manifestation of the court’s deeper control over kingdoms and a reflection of the commandery’s deeply rooted position as a first-level political region in control of local area.
關鍵詞
王國官制 內史 相 中尉
kingdom official system; neishi (clerk of the capital); xiang (chancellor); zhongwei (commandant of the capital)
