Abstract
Some scholars used to see Kouhun and Jingkong as the same system, but actually they were completely different ones. Kouhun originated from traditional Zhisu. Only since Ming Dynasty, Jingkong separated from Kouhun. Though these two systems were shortcuts to seek dispute resolving, and have the same purpose of grievance resolving, Qing government has shown different attitudes towards them. In late Kangxi era, Kouhun was highly tolerated. Since Qianlong era, it became more and more common for those who raised Kouhun to be criminalized on the one hand, on the other hand it became less and less common for those who raised Jingkong to be criminalized. After Jiaqing, Daoguang era, Jingkong gradually replaced Kouhun as a special litigation procedure independent of traditional litigation.
Keywords
Kouhun、Jingkong、Grievance-resolving、Zhisu
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