摘要
唐代的判詞雖然大多是虛判，但仍然是中國古代人們法律智慧的結晶。唐代判詞用駢文寫成，修辭考究，形式優美，但同時給人以「華而不實」的感覺，以至一些學者貶低其價值，認為其不過是「堆垛故事之浮詞」。果真如此？經考察發現，一些優秀的判詞並非如此，其華麗的外表之下有著豐富的義理，並且特別講究準確地適用法律，這與評判唐代判詞的標準非常科學有很大關係。唐代判詞的判准是「文理優長」，如何才算得上「文理優長」？按照杜佑在《通典》中的說法，一篇判詞允稱「文理優長」，需達至以下標準：（1）有文采；（2）判斷依法；（3）合乎經義；（4）理無虧失。這揭示了構成優秀判詞的四個重要因素：儒家經義、法律規定、修辭、邏輯。這四者在優秀判詞中所起的作用各不相同，類似我國古代和合中藥的原則，特別講究「君臣佐使」，亦即一篇優秀的判詞首先要觀點正確，即要跟儒家精神相一致，這是最為重要的；次重要的是要合乎當時的法律。只有這兩者都具備，一篇判詞才能夠在理論上「立」起來；但如果只有這兩者，一篇判詞也不足以流傳，因此，每一判詞還需要下面兩者的幫助：即一方面要合乎邏輯，要有很強的論證性，另一方面還需要言辭優美、詞藻華麗（但要記住，不能過度修飾，否則會適得其反），也就是邏輯為佐，修辭為使。只有這四者比例協調，共同作用，才能形成好的判詞。以「刑獄門」為代表的唐代判詞就符合上述原則，因此，唐代判詞並不如一些人想像的那樣「徒有其表」。特別令人印象深刻的是，唐代的判詞還非常注重法律論證，一方面，其論證結構非常複雜；另一方面，普遍採用了中國傳統的辯證論證方法，即「雙證」方法，也就是說，理證與事證相結合、正面證明與反面證明相結合、演繹論證與類比論證相結合，一陰一陽，構成一個統一的整體。唐代的判詞是中國古代判詞發展史上的重要一環，它的存在表明，到了唐代，我國古代的法律思維已經逐漸發展成熟。
Though most of Tang Dynasty verdict words are not true judicial judgments, they are the crystals of ancient Chinese legal wisdoms. In
general, Tang Dynasty verdict words are written by the form of parallel prose, so there are elegant form and beautiful rhetoric, and it is easy for people to have an impression of“showy without real worth”, and some people think of it“a kind of poetry with vainglorious form and fictitious
story”. Is it really so? The answer is no. We can't take some elegant verdict words this way. Besides, under the splendid surface, an elegant verdict
word not only has an affluent idea, but also pays great attention to use the law correctly, which has relation to the standards used to judge a certain kind of verdict word is good or bad. We know that these standards can be summarized“excellence in both the content and the form,”but this conclusion is so abstract that people have difficulty in understanding it. According to the saying of Du You's“Tong Dian,”if we call a article an elegant verdict word, it must satisfy the four necessities: (1) Literary grace strikings; (2) following the law; (3) conforming to Confucianism; (4) not going against the logos. These requirements have formed four important aspects of an elegant verdict word, they are: the Confucianism, law, rhetoric and logic. Each of them plays a different role in a verdict word, which is similar to the principle of making a dose of Chinese medicine. Usually people think that in making a dose of Chinese medicine a good doctor must consider four elemental medicine, which are“king”medicine,“minister”medicine,“assistant”medicine and“emissary”medicine. Similarly, if people want to write a good article, he must deal with the relations among the Confucianism, law, rhetoric and logic. Firstly, his article must have correct claims and accordance to Confucianism. Secondly, it must follow the law. Thirdly, it must be strong argumentation. Fourthly, it must bring rich and bright colors to the form. Only these four elements coordinate in proportion can a verdict word be called an elegant article. The verdict words in“Wen Yuan Ying Hua”conform to the principles above-mentioned, so Tang Dynasty verdicts are not specious as some people have imagined. What gives us a strong impression is that Tang Dynasty verdicts pay more attention to legal argumentation, which has adopted the Chinese traditional dialectical argument method normally, that is,“double arguments.”This argument method is usually constituted by two parts. On one hand, it includes some theoretical arguments, which use the syllogism; on the other hand, it include some factual argument, which use the analogy method. In general, two parts pay different roles in an argument respectively: one is positive, and the other is negative. They form a unity. Tang Dynasty verdicts are an important part of Chinese ancient verdicts, which shows that Chinese traditional legal thought are becoming mature in Tang Dynasty.
關鍵詞
唐代判詞、儒家經義、唐律、修辭、邏輯、辯證證明
Tang Dynasty verdict words、“Wen Yuan Ying Hua”、the spirit of law、logic、rhetoric、Legal argument