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法制史研究

唐代的姦罪──以《唐律》為中心的探討 The crime of sex in the T'ang China as seen from Tanglu

  • 作  者:

    翁育瑄 Wong, Yu-Hsuan

  • 期別頁碼:

    22:53-104

  • 出版時間:

    2013/02

  • 引用 全文下載

摘要

本文以《唐律》的姦罪規定為主,探索唐代如何制定姦罪的刑罰規範。《唐律》對於姦罪的規定,主要依犯姦雙方之關係與身分,以良人、親屬、良賤、以及特殊身分等四種情況來論罪。姦罪犯行有和姦與強姦之別,和姦為男女同罰,強姦則只坐男性。這些基本原則已見於漢初的《二年律令》,顯示傳統法律中的姦罪觀念,在漢初時已具備了雛形。親屬與良賤方面,因為前代服紀的導入,《唐律》強化了尊卑觀念,而使得近親相姦與良賤相姦之罪刑,有了複雜化的傾向,並建立依親疏貴賤區分量刑輕重之原則。尊卑觀念強化之後,家父長地位得以確立,卻也使得女性、奴婢更加弱勢。因為強調家父長的權威,包括姦罪在內的眾多法條,均不利於女性。特殊身分如官員與僧道之犯姦,其刑則重於常人;唐代前期還曾經實行過將犯姦高官妻妾沒官的措施。其他如捉姦、殺死姦夫與本夫、拐逃,以及結婚、離婚等與姦罪有關條文方面,亦是在維護家父長權威的前提下論刑。對於和姦雙方皆為「相容隱親」的情況,《唐律》明定不得告捕;至於「非容隱親」,《唐律》亦暗示「不必告捕」。並且《唐律》所規定「違律為婚」的情況,顯示部分違法結婚之罪刑等同於犯姦。此外,《唐律》的姦罪對於特定職業或階級並未進行規範,所以尚不能稱作全面性的法律。姦罪對家內秩序的規範,亦因強調家父長的權威而存在不公之處。

This paper is about the crime of sex in the T'ang dynasty, to investigate the articles of Tanglu. The articles are divided by offender’s distinction of rank, contains four types──citizen, relatives, slaves, and special state. The crime of sex includes adultery and rape. Both sexes are punished for the crime of adultery while only man is punished for the crime of rape. Because the forbidden degrees are innovated previously, it becomes complicated in the punishment of incest and sex of homage. Patriarchy is established after status is intensified. It makes woman and slaves be at a disadvantage. Special states like bureaucrat and priest would receive severer punishment than other people.

關鍵詞

唐律、姦罪、和姦、強姦

Tanglu、sex、adultery、rape

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註腳
翁育瑄,〈唐代的姦罪──以《唐律》為中心的探討〉,《法制史研究》22(2013):53-104。
Yu-Hsuan Wong, “The crime of sex in the T'ang China as seen from Tanglu,” Journal for Legal History Studies 22 (2013): 53-104.

書目
翁育瑄
2013 〈唐代的姦罪──以《唐律》為中心的探討〉,《法制史研究》22:53-104。
Wong, Yu-Hsuan
2013 “The crime of sex in the T'ang China as seen from Tanglu.” Journal for Legal History Studies 22: 53-104.
翁育瑄. (2013). 唐代的姦罪──以《唐律》為中心的探討. 法制史研究, 22, 53-104.

Wong, Yu-Hsuan. (2013). The crime of sex in the T'ang China as seen from Tanglu. Journal for Legal History Studies, 22, 53-104.
翁育瑄. “唐代的姦罪──以《唐律》為中心的探討.” 法制史研究, no. 22 (2013): 53-104.

Wong, Yu-Hsuan. “The crime of sex in the T'ang China as seen from Tanglu.” Journal for Legal History Studies, no. 22 (2013): 53-104.
翁育瑄. “唐代的姦罪──以《唐律》為中心的探討.” 法制史研究, no. 22, 2013, pp. 53-104.

Wong, Yu-Hsuan. “The crime of sex in the T'ang China as seen from Tanglu.” Journal for Legal History Studies, no. 22, 2013, pp. 53-104.
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