摘要
北宋元豐五年(1082)重定制授、敕授、奏授告身式,一方面仿照唐代三省官員結銜的告身程式,另一方面則更確立唐代後期以來,告身與敕牒並行的制度。五代及兩宋的大部分時間裡,告身的製作與給付,都統一於官告院,不再隸於吏、兵二部,其下並設置綾紙庫,提供製作告身所需的各種材料。兩宋的告身用印規定與唐代不同,宋徽宗政和五年(1113)開始,「官告院」定制,其所掌官印印文為「吏部製造告身案記」,一直沿用到南宋。五代到宋世,告身的用紙與裝裱越來越精美,以告身的用紙、紙張的大小、張數、圖案及褾軸等級、銷金與否,標示官員品級的高低次第。後唐到後周,告身錢由朝廷負擔,到了後周顯德五年(958),因職官濫授,朝廷財政壓力不小,始規定告身錢由受告者支出,北宋大致沿用此一規定。南宋的告身錢以倍數成長,這是透過大量封贈官的授與及徵收告身錢,作為朝廷擴增財源的一種手段。
In 1082, the North Song Dynasty set up the Gaoshen Statutes of Zhishou (制授), Chishou (敕授), and Zoushou (奏授) again. In one way, it copied the Gaoshen Statutes of the Three Departments in the Tang Dynasty. In the other way, it established the collateral system of Gaoshen and Chida (敕牒) after the late Tang Dynasty. During the Five Dynasties period, the south and the north Song Dynasties, the making and the distribution of Gaoshen were unified by the Guan Gao Yuan，not belonged to the Ministry of Personnel (吏) and War (兵). Ling Che (綾紙) that was below the Guan Gao Yuan provided various materials for making Gaoshen. The sealing regulations of the North and South Dynasties are different from those of the Tang Dynasty. Began from 1113 to the South Dynasty, the “Guan Gao Yuan” (官告院) formulated the print of the official stamp was “Gaoshen made by the Personnel Ministry” (「吏部製造告身案記」). From the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty, the paper used and the mount of Gaoshen were more and more exquisite. The sort, size, and the amount of the paper Gaoshen used, also the class of roller used depended on the official rank. From the Later Tang Dynasty to the Later Zhou Dynasty, the money of Gaoshen was bear by the royal court. In 958, the court got great financial pressure for the official granted wantonly. Thus, the government regulated the grantees afforded the money of Gaoshen themselves and so as the North Song Dynasty. In the South Song Dynasty, the money of Gaoshen got multiple growth. The court granted lots of officials and levied the money of Gaoshen for the method of increasing the court's finance.
關鍵詞
告身、告身式、官告院、綾紙
GaoShen、GaoShen Statutes、Guan Gao Yuan、Ling Che
