摘要
本文以清代律例和《刑案匯覽》為中心，對清代中期君權在刑事司法中的制度性安排及其在司法實踐中的運作實態進行實證研究，探討君權在清代司法中的作用，並對中國傳統司法的既有模式解釋提出初步見解。在制度上，涉及特殊身份者和死刑的案件是君權在刑事司法中的重點。與前代相比，清代由皇帝裁奪的案件範圍並無實質性擴大。在司法中，君權具有極高權威性，但其實上依賴各級司法官僚，其駁改刑部等機構擬判的數量和程度都相當有限。在改判中，皇帝通過對制定法和情理的闡釋以論證其裁決。官僚群體以融合情理和律例的擬判參與決斷，具有重大影響力。與前代近代西方司法中的君權影響力相比，清代中期所體現的中國傳統司法的君權主義相對強勢，而法律職業階層模糊，作用也相對侷限。
With a special reference to Qing statutes, sub-statutes and Conspectus of Penal Cases, this article studies the institutional arrangement of the monarchical power in criminal justice as well as its practice, explores the role of the monarchy in judicial process, and comments the interpretative paradigms of traditional Chinese justice. Institutionally, the emperor intervened emphatically in the cases involving persons of privileged status and capital punishment. Compared with that of the preceding dynasties, the coverage of those cases was not enlarged substantially. The emperor, while enjoying supreme power in judicature, largely relied on hierarchical judicial bureaucracy, and overruled in very limited amounts of cases. Even overruling, the emperor had to justify his decisions by interpreting code or Qingli(human reason). The judicial bureaucracy was significantly influential by drafting judgments which had incorporated Qing-li and code. In contrast with the monarchical power performed in judicial administration of premodern western world, the imperial sovereignty was more predominant in traditional Chinese justice, as exemplified by the case of mid-Qing, with a lessdefinitive and powerful legal community.
關鍵詞
清代、君權、司法
Qing Dynasty、Monarchy、Judicature